Chemical migration and food contact materials

Chemical migration in food: an overview L Castle, Defra Central Science Laboratory, UK Introduction. Chemical migration and the main factors that control it. The range and sources of chemicals in food packaging that pose a potential risk. Health issues. Key scientific advances ? achieved and needed. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. PART 1 REGULATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF CHEMICAL MIGRATION INTO FOOD Regulation of food contact materials in the USA M Twaroski, L Batarseh and A Bailey, United States Food and Drug Administration, USA Introduction. Regulatory authority. Regulatory considerations. Food contact notifications. Pivotal and emerging issues in FDA?s approach to safety assessment. Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. Regulation of food contact materials in the EU A Schäfer, European Commission, Belgium Introduction. Community legislation. Framework regulation. Plastics. Other materials. Control of food contact materials in the EU. Specific national legislation. Strengths and drawbacks of EU legislation. Future trends. References. Traceability and food contact materials D Dainelli, Sealed Air Corporation, Italy and The European Plastics Converters Association (EuPC), Belgium Introduction. Regulation of traceability of food contact materials. Industrial guidelines for traceability of materials and articles for food contact. Ensuring the traceability of food contact materials. Case study: traceability of plastic materials for food contact. Conclusions. References. PART 2 ASSESSING THE RISKS AND IMPROVING THE SAFETY OF FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS Compliance testing of chemical migration from food contact materials R Veraart and L Coulierb, TNO Quality of Life, The Netherlands Introduction. Administrative compliance evaluation. Conventional experimental compliance testing. Non-target migration testing. Future trends and requirements for screening and analysis of migrants. References. Exposure estimation ? the missing element for assessing the safety of migrants from food P Oldring, Valspar, UK Introduction. What is exposure? Who and what should be considered in any exposure experiment? What data are needed in order to estimate exposure? Obtaining concentration data. Obtaining food consumption data. Estimating exposure to migrants from food contact articles. Conclusions. Sources of further information and advice. References. Toxicology and risk assessment of chemical migration from food contact materials K Arvidson, M Cheeseman and A McDougal, United States Food and Drug Administration, USA Introduction. Regulatory framework for food contact materials in the United States. Safety assessment of food additives. Safety assessment for non-carcinogenic endpoints. Threshold approaches to safety assessment. Carcinogenicity risk assessment for constituents of food additives. SAR in the safety assessment of constituents of food additives. Qualitative structure activity relationship analysis for food additives and constituents. Quantitative SAR(QSAR) analysis safety assessments. Safety assessment of carcinogenic constituents of food additives. Future trends. References. Mathematical modelling of chemical migration from food contact materials O Piringer, Fabes GmbH, Germany Introduction. Transport equations. Solutions of the diffusion equation. The diffusion coefficient. The partition coefficient. Possibilities and limitations of migration modelling. Exercises. References. PART 3 CHEMICAL MIGRATION FROM PARTICULAR FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS Recycled plastics and chemical migration into food F Welle and R Franz, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Germany Introduction. Legislative aspects. Special considerations for using recycled materials as food contact materials. Assessing the safety of recycled food contact materials. Use of functional barriers. Sources of further information and advice. Glossary. References. Plastics and chemical migration into food I Cooper, Pira International, UK Introduction. Testing plastics materials for compliance with EU directives. Properties and composition of plastic food contact. Degradation products and impurities. Sources of further information and advice. Future trends. References. Metal packaging and chemical migration into food R Whitaker, Crown Packaging, UK Introduction. Regulation and use of metals as food contact materials. Special considerations of using metals as FCM. Assessing the safety of metal FCM. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. Rubber and chemical migration into food M Forrest, Rapra Technology, UK Introduction. Rubber materials and products used in contact with food. Regulation and the use of rubber as a food contact material. Special considerations for using rubber as a food contact material. Assessing the safety of rubber as a food contact material. Improving the safety of rubber as a food contact material. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. Food packaging adhesives and chemical migration into food B Aurela, KCL Science and L Söderhjelm, Finland Introduction. Major concepts. Inks and ink components. Regulations and recommendations as regards food packaging. Problems related to packaging inks. Testing. Sources of further information and advice. References. Food packaging adhesives and chemical migration into food E Bradley and L Castle, Defra Central Science Laboratory, UK Adhesives. Examples of adhesive types used in food packaging applications. Regulation of adhesives. Chemical migration from food packaging adhesives. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. Safety assessment of paper and board used in food packaging A von Wright, University of Kuopio, Finland Introduction. Regulatory background. The perceived need for toxicological testing. Presently available short term toxicological tests. The application of short term tests to paper and board. Conclusions. References. Chemical migration from multi-layer packaging into food J Sidwell, Rapra Technology UK Introduction. Regulation and the use of multi-layer packaging. Special considerations about multi-layer packaging and chemical migration. Published data on migration from laminating adhesives. Improving the safety of multi-layer packaging with regard to chemical migration. Sources of further information and advice. References. Chemical migration from active and intelligent packaging materials into food R Rijk, TNO Quality of Life, The Netherlands Introduction. Use of active and intelligent packaging. Regulation of active and intelligent packaging. Migration from active and intelligent packaging into foodstuffs. Future trends and further sources of information. References. Chemical migration from secondary packaging into foods S Jickells, King?s College London, UK Introduction. Materials in use. Length of time in secondary packaging. Legislation and testing. Chemical migration from secondary packaging materials. Improving the safety of secondary packaging materials with regards to chemical migration. Future trends. Sources of further information and advice. References. Case study: Chemical migration from snack and take-away food packaging E Bradley, Defra Central Science Laboratory, UK Introduction. Definitions. Usage statistics for snack and take-away foods. Food packaging materials used for snack and take-away foods. Chemical migration. Sources of further information and advice. References. Case study: PolyEthylene terephthalate (PET) as a food contact material M Neal, Plastics Europe, Belgium Introduction. PET manufacture. PET uses. Self regulation. What is PET? Monomers ? the basic building blocks. Commoners ? The property changers. Other commoners. Additives ? Production and processing additives. Effect additives. Recycled PET for food contact applications. PET issues. Future trends.

Food and beverages can be very aggressive chemical milieu and may interact strongly with materials that they touch. Whenever food is placed in contact with another substance, there is a risk that chemicals from the contact material may migrate into the food. These chemicals may be harmful if ingested in large quantities, or impart a taint or odour to the food, negatively affecting food quality. Food packaging is the most obvious example of a food contact material. As the demand for pre-packaged foods increases, so might the potential risk to consumers from the release of chemicals into the food product. Chemical migration and food contact materials reviews the latest controls and research in this field and how they can be used to ensure that food is safe to eat. Part one discusses the regulation and quality control of chemical migration into food. Part two reviews the latest developments in areas such as exposure estimation and analysis of food contact materials. The final part contains specific chapters on major food contact materials and packaging types, such as recycled plastics, metals, paper and board, multi-layer packaging and intelligent packaging.